December 14, 2012
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Global Disease Detection: Regional Centers
A central focus of GDD is the establishment and expansion of GDD Regional Centers, particularly in resource-constrained locations. CDC operates GDD Regional Centers 1) Thailand, 2) Kenya, 3) Guatemala, 4) China, 5) Egypt, and 6) India 7) South Africa, and 8) Bangladesh. Additionally, CDC is developing capabilities in two GDD Regional Centers under development in Kazakhstan and Georgia.
Regional Centers are selected in consultation with invited countries, internal experts, and national and international partners, and based on:
- Public health significance: The country has a high population density or history of infectious diseases or expected potential for emerging diseases;
- Country commitment: The country supports and values partnership with CDC and will actively engage in collaborative activities and identify new partners;
- Established CDC presence: The country has an established, effective working relationship with CDC and supports CDC staff in-country;
- Established regional reach: The country has the infrastructure and regional stature to serve as regional resource, or is already acting as a regional leader in other arenas;
- International partner presence: The country has other U.S. Government agencies and international partners operating in-country.
- Public health significance
- Established CDC presence
- Established regional scope
- International partner presence
GDD’s integrated approach to surveillance and characterization of emerging infectious diseases reduces the timeline for identification and control of health threats.
Since 2006 has responded to 911 disease outbreaks around the world.
Since 2006 has responded to 911 disease outbreaks around the world.
GDD Regional Center Activities: GDD promotes scientific discovery through partnership with host countries to identify new health threats and improve endemic burdens. Key to improved national and global health outcomes is the assimilation of five core activities measured and tracked in the field for: 1) outbreak response, 2) surveillance, 3) pathogen discovery, 4) training, and 5) networking.
Headquarters’ Support: Centers are supported by the GDD Operations Center, located at CDC’s Headquarters in Atlanta, which is the agency’s liaison to the Global Outbreak Alert Response Network (GOARN). CDC’s in-depth scientific expertise can be brought to the field on a 24/7 basis at the request of country partners through its Technical Support Corps.
Future Direction:
- Reduce gaps and build capacity in global preparedness for emerging health threats
- Increase number of public health professionals trained by GDD programs
- Expand activities at the GDD Regional Centers in Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, India, and South Africa
- Broaden and strengthen global partnerships
Perspective
International Health Regulations—What Gets Measured Gets Done
Abstract
The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome highlighted the need to detect and control disease outbreaks at their source, as envisioned by the 2005 revised International Health Regulations (IHR). June 2012 marked the initial deadline by which all 194 World Health Organization (WHO) member states agreed to have IHR core capacities fully implemented for limiting the spread of public health emergencies of international concern. Many countries fell short of these implementation goals and requested a 2-year extension. The degree to which achieving IHR compliance will result in global health security is not clear, but what is clear is that progress against the threat of epidemic disease requires a focused approach that can be monitored and measured efficiently. We developed concrete goals and metrics for 4 of the 8 core capacities with other US government partners in consultation with WHO and national collaborators worldwide. The intent is to offer an example of an approach to implementing and monitoring IHR for consideration or adaptation by countries that complements other frameworks and goals of IHR. Without concrete metrics, IHR may waste its considerable promise as an instrument for global health security against public health emergencies.After enactment of the revised IHR in June 2007, all member countries were required to develop and implement a minimum of core public health capacities by June 2012, the 5-year anniversary of IHR’s enforcement. Many countries did not meet the deadline and have requested a 2-year extension. In an era of limited resources, competing priorities, and political challenges, achievement of the IHR implementation goals, even with an extension, will be a challenge. Focusing efforts toward IHR implementation and capacity building and enabling all countries to measure progress toward IHR implementation is, therefore, essential. Toward this end, concrete goals and metrics for 4 of the 8 core capacities were developed by the WHO Collaborating Center for IHR Implementation of National Surveillance and Response Capacity at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other US government partners in consultation with WHO and national collaborators worldwide (Table 1). This approach is in alignment with WHO’s IHR framework and facilitates measurement of implementation activities. The framework focuses on 4 of the core capacities (human resources, surveillance, laboratory, and response) and builds on WHO’s IHR Monitoring Framework by defining simple standards for these capacities (4). The focus on these 4 capacities should not imply that they are more important than other capacities (legislation, policy, and financing; coordination; advocacy and national focal point communications; preparedness; and risk communication) because implementation of IHR requires implementation of all 8 capacities. The intent is to assist partner countries in better focusing efforts, to improving efficiency at IHR implementation, and to better monitoring and evaluating progress. Focusing on the subset of IHR core capacities also will provide a foundation for an all-hazards approach for addressing public health emergencies regardless of cause. We describe the rationale, targets, and definitions for these 4 goals and means by which countries can use the data collected through monitoring and evaluation indicators for measuring progress related to these 4 core capacities.
Human Resources
The aim of the human resource goal is to ensure adequate numbers of trained personnel for response to a public health emergency. Specific targets to measure progress toward completion of this goal are a fully adopted national workforce plan and >1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 population who are active in the public health sector (5). Although the workforce plan cannot ensure that trained professionals remain in the public health sector, it will at least indicate a government’s commitment to public health through stability of the public health workforce. These concrete indicators enable measurement of incremental progress and are specific enough to enable tracking of success and clear documentation of failure.
Surveillance
The metrics focus on the ability to detect public health emergencies with a target of documenting that >3 of these syndromes have surveillance systems in place that meet the respective international standards. These metrics will assist countries in ensuring that efforts at disease surveillance are effective and that systemic incentives are appropriately aligned to provide early warning for a potential public health emergency. The 3 syndromes chosen will depend on national disease control priorities. These surveillance systems should include early warning surveillance data and laboratory findings, which should be analyzed by trained epidemiologists.
Information for syndromic surveillance collected at the clinic or hospital level can help generate village- and district-level alerts. An alert investigation unit can then investigate these alerts, including an in-depth epidemiologic analysis. On the basis of the outcome of the analysis, rapid response teams can be deployed to respond to a public health event or outbreak.
Laboratory
The metrics focus on the ability to perform 10 international reference standard tests for patients from any part of the country. The core tests and their respective indicator pathogens are selected from the IHR immediately notifiable list, the WHO Top Ten Causes of Death in low-income countries (www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html), and tests and indicator pathogens selected by the country on the basis of major national public health concern (Table 2).
However, achievement of laboratory diagnostic capacity requires all major components of the laboratory network to be well integrated in the national laboratory system. Components of such a system include sample collection, specimen transport, specimen processing, quality management systems, biosafety and biosecurity (specimen storage), staff, infrastructure, cold chains, reporting, and networking peripheral and central or regional reference laboratories. Data on the capacity and ability of the country to perform and report the 10 core tests can be used to monitor the ability of a country’s own laboratories or the reference laboratories to which it sends specimens to confirm and characterize these indicator pathogens and identify areas for improvement.
Response
These rapid response units should comprise a multidisciplinary team of trained public health professionals—medical epidemiologists, veterinarians, laboratory scientists, clinicians, chemical experts, and radiologic experts—as appropriate for the event who routinely deploy within 24 hours after a reported event. Rapid response units enhance a country’s ability to respond to outbreaks in a timely and effective manner.
These teams should undergo regular exercises for responding to public health emergency events, including >2 field outbreak investigations per year. They also should be trained in the 10 basic steps for outbreak investigations (10).
To meet the goal of adequate response capacity for public health emergencies, we propose a target of >1 functioning rapid response team per major administrative unit (district, province, or state). Larger administrative areas might need >1 team. Data and after-action reports from outbreak responses collected annually will enable the countries to monitor their progress, identify gaps, and improve performance.
Conclusions
Dr Ijaz is the deputy director for the Division of Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and oversees the science and programmatic aspects in the division. The division is also the WHO Collaborating Center for IHR Implementation of National Surveillance and Response Capacity. His research interests include tuberculosis and detection of infectious disease outbreaks and response.
Acknowledgments
The development of these metrics owes much to Richard Hatchett for steady leadership and to Jennifer R. Bae, Beth Cameron, Jose Fernandez, Dave Franz, Catherine Hill-Herndon, Matthew Johns, Rebecca Katz, Daniel Miller, Sumi Paranjape, Murray Trostle, Anne Yu, and many others for their intellectual contributions, policy insights, public health expertise, and international experience in the many revisions and refinements. We also acknowledge our partners at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who are engaged in IHR, i.e., Division of Public Health Systems and Workforce Development and Division of Global Migration and Quarantine.
All authors played a major role in preparing the manuscript, including writing (K.I., R.R.A., S.F.D.), review and feedback (K.I., E.K., R.R.A., F.J.A., S.F.D.), and overall conceptualization of the manuscript (K.I., E.K., R.R.A., F.J.A., S.F.D.).
All authors played a major role in preparing the manuscript, including writing (K.I., R.R.A., S.F.D.), review and feedback (K.I., E.K., R.R.A., F.J.A., S.F.D.), and overall conceptualization of the manuscript (K.I., E.K., R.R.A., F.J.A., S.F.D.).
References
- Gostin LO, Bayer R, Fairchild AL. Ethical and legal challenges posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome implications for the control of severe infectious disease threats. JAMA. 2003;290:3229–37. DOIPubMed
- Heymann DL, Rodier G. Global surveillance, national surveillance, and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:173–5. DOIPubMed
- World Health Organization. International Health Regulations 2005, 2nd ed. Geneva: The Organization; 2008 [cited 2012 Apr 9]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241580410_eng.pdf
- World Health Organization. Checklist and indicators for monitoring progress in the development of IHR core capacities in states parties [cited 2012 Apr 19]. http://www.who.int/ihr/checklist/en/index.html
- Boulton ML, Hadler J, Beck AJ, Ferland L, Lichtveld M. Assessment of epidemiology capacity in state health departments, 2004–2009. Public Health Rep. 2011;126:84–93.PubMed
- Chretien JP, Burkom HS, Sedyaningsih ER, Larasati R, Lescano AG, Mundaca CC, Syndromic surveillance: adapting innovations to developing settings. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e72. DOIPubMed
- World Health Organization. Surveillance standards [cited 2012 Apr 19]. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/whocdscsrisr992.pdf
- Buehler JW, Hopkins RS, Overhage JM, Sosin DM, Tong V; CDC Working Group. Framework for evaluating public health surveillance systems for early detection of outbreaks. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53(RR-05):1–11.PubMed
- World Health Organization. Global alert and response [cited 2012 Apr 19]. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/en/
- Gregg MB, editor. Field epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
Tables
Suggested citation for this article: Ijaz K, Kasowski E, Arthur R, Angulo F, Dowell SF. International Health Regulations—what gets measured gets done. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet] 2012 Jul [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1807.120487
CDC Global Health Videos
CDC's global health videos highlight the work in the field that CDC is doing with partners around the world. The videos can be shared easily or even embedded in presentations and other websites. You can also find these videos on our CDC Global Health YouTube page.CDC: Protecting Americans Through Global Health
CDC: Protecting Americans Through Global Health - Global Disease Detection (GDD) Center
0 min, 41 secJuly 24, 2012
CDC Global Health
Global Disease Detectives
CDC Spotlighted by Partners and News Media
(Links below open videos on external sites.)Nightline from ABC News : Ebola Outbreak in Uganda: CDC Rushes to Contain Virus
7 min, 54 secAugust 2, 2012
GDD Regional Centers supported 242 outbreak responses [PDF-5.6MB] across 20 countries in five continents last year, most within a span of 24 hours.
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